Subject module

B1.1

A1

B1.2

A2

B1.3

A3

B1.4

A4

B3

B2

B2L

C

Turbine engine

Piston engine

Turbine engine

Piston engine

Piston-engine non- pressurised aeroplanes MTOM ≤ 2 t

1. MATHEMATICS

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

2. PHYSICS

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

3. ELECTRICAL

FUNDAMENTALS

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

4. ELECTRONICS

FUNDAMENTALS

X

(n/a for A1)

X

(n/a for A2)

X

(n/a for A3)

X

(n/a for A4)

X

X

X

X

5. DIGITAL TECHNIQUES/ELECTR-ONIC INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

6. MATERIALS AND HARDWARE

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

7. MAINTENANCE PRACTICES

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

8. BASIC AERODYNAMICS

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

9. HUMAN FACTORS

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

10. AVIATION LEGISLATION

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

11. AEROPLANE AERODYNAMICS, STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS

X

X

n/a

n/a

X

n/a

n/a

11, 15 & 17

as B1.1

 or

11, 16 & 17

as B1.2

 or

12 & 15

as B1.3

or

12 & 16

as B1.4 or

13 & 14

as B2

12. HELICOPTER AERODYNAMICS, STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS

n/a

n/a

X

X

n/a

n/a

n/a

13. AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMICS, STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

X

X

14. PROPULSION

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

X

X

15. GAS TURBINE ENGINES

X

n/a

X

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

16. PISTON ENGINE

n/a

X

n/a

X

X

n/a

n/a

17. PROPELLER

X

X

n/a

n/a

X

n/a

n/a

1.1 Arithmetic

1

2

1.2 Algebra

(a) Simple algebraic expressions;

1

2

(b) Equations.

—

1

1.3 Geometry

(a) Simple geometrical constructions;

—

1

(b) Graphical representation;

2

2

(c) Trigonometry.

—

2

2.1 Matter

1

2

2.2. Mechanics

2.2.1 Statics

1

2

2.2.2 Kinetics

1

2

2.2.3 Dynamics

(a) Mass, force and energy;

1

2

(b) Momentum and conservation of momentum.

1

2

2.2.4 Fluid dynamics

(a) Gravity and density;

2

2

(b) Viscosity; compressibility on fluids; static, dynamic, and total pressure.

1

2

2.3 Thermodynamics

(a) Temperature;

2

2

(b) Heat.

1

2

2.4 Optics (light)

—

2

2.5 Wave motion and sound

—

2

3.1 Electron theory

1

1

1

3.2 Static electricity and conduction

1

2

1

3.3 Electrical terminology

1

2

1

3.4 Generation of electricity

1

1

1

3.5 Sources of DC electricity

1

2

2

3.6 DC circuits

1

2

1

3.7 Resistance/resistor

(a) Resistance;

—

2

1

(b) Resistors.

—

1

—

3.8 Power

—

2

1

3.9 Capacitance/capacitor

—

2

1

3.10 Magnetism

(a) Theory of magnetism;

—

2

1

(b) Magnetomotive force.

—

2

1

3.11 Inductance/inductor

—

2

1

3.12 DC motor/generator theory

—

2

1

3.13 AC theory

1

2

1

3.14 Resistive (R), capacitive (C) and inductive (L) circuits

—

2

1

3.15 Transformers

—

2

1

3.16 Filters

—

1

—

3.17 AC generators

—

2

1

3.18 AC motors 

—

2

1

4.1 Semiconductors

4.1.1 Diodes

(a) Description and characteristics;

—

2

2

(b) Operation and function.

—

—

2

4.1.2 Transistors

(a) Description and characteristics;

—

1

2

(b) Filters.

—

—

2

4.1.3 Integrated circuits

(a) Basic description and operation;

—

1

2

(b) Description and operation.

—

—

2

4.2 Printed circuit boards

—

1

2

4.3 Servomechanisms

(a) Principles;

—

1

2

(b) Construction, operation, and use.

—

—

2

5.1 Electronic instrument systems

1

1

1

1

5.2 Numbering systems

—

—

1

2

5.3 Data conversion

—

—

1

2

5.4 Data buses

—

—

2

2

5.5 Logic circuits

(a) Identification and applications;

—

—

2

2

(b) Interpretation of logic diagrams.

—

—

—

2

5.6 Basic computer structure

(a) Computer terminology and technology;

1

1

2

2

(b) Computer operation.

—

—

—

2

5.7 Microprocessors

—

—

—

2

5.8 Integrated circuits

—

—

—

2

5.9 Multiplexing

—

—

—

2

5.10 Fibre optics

—

—

1

2

5.11 Electronic displays

1

1

2

2

5.12 Electrostatic sensitive devices

1

1

2

2

5.13 Software management control

—

1

2

2

5.14 Electromagnetic environment

—

1

2

2

5.15 Typical electronic/digital aircraft systems

1

1

1

1

6.1 Aircraft materials — ferrous

(a) Alloy steels used in aircraft;

1

2

1

(b) Testing of ferrous materials;

—

1

1

(c) Repair and inspection procedures.

—

2

1

6.2 Aircraft materials — non-ferrous

(a) Characteristics;

1

2

1

(b) Testing of non-ferrous materials;

—

1

1

(c) Repair and inspection procedures.

—

2

1

6.3 Aircraft materials – composite and non-metallic

   6.3.1 Composite and non-metallic other than wood and fabric

(a) Characteristics;

1

2

2

(b) Detection of defects

1

2

—

(c) Repairs and inspection procedures.

—

2

1

6.3.2 Wooden structures

1

1

—

6.3.3 Fabric covering

—

1

—

6.4 Corrosion

(a) Chemical fundamentals;

1

1

1

(b) Types of corrosion.

2

3

2

6.5 Fasteners

   6.5.1 Screw threads

2

2

2

   6.5.2 Bolts, studs and screws

2

2

2

   6.5.3 Locking devices

2

2

2

   6.5.4 Aircraft rivets

1

2

1

6.6 Pipes and unions

(a) Identification;

2

2

2

(b) Standard unions.

2

2

1

6.7 Springs

—

2

1

6.8 Bearings

1

2

2

6.9 Transmissions

1

2

2

6.10 Control cables

1

2

1

6.11 Electrical cables and connectors

1

2

2

7.1 Safety precautions – aircraft and workshop

3

3

3

7.2 Workshop practices

3

3

3

7.3 Tools

3

3

3

7.4 (Reserved)

—

—

—

7.5 Engineering drawings, diagrams and standards

1

2

2

7.6 Fits and Clearances

1

2

1

7.7 Electrical wiring interconnection system (EWIS)

1

3

3

7.8 Riveting

1

2

—

7.9 Pipes and Hoses

1

2

—

7.10 Springs

1

2

—

7.11 Bearings

1

2

—

7.12 Transmissions

1

2

—

7.13 Control cables

1

2

—

7.14 Material handling

   7.14.1 Sheet metal

—

2

—

   7.14.2 Composite and non-metallic

—

2

—

   7.14.3 Additive manufacturing

1

1

1

7.15 (Reserved)

7.16 Aircraft weight and balance

(a) Centre-of-gravity calculation;

—

2

2

(b) Aircraft weighing.

—

2

—

7.17 Aircraft handling and storage

2

2

2

7.18 Disassembly, inspection, repair and assembly techniques

(a) Types of defects and visual inspection techniques;

2

3

3

(b) General repair methods – structural repair manual;

—

2

—

(c) Non-destructive inspection techniques;

—

2

1

(d) Disassembly and re-assembly techniques;

2

2

2

(e) Troubleshooting techniques.

—

2

2

7.19 Abnormal events

(a) Inspections following lightning strikes and HIRF penetration;

2

2

2

(b) Inspections following abnormal events such as heavy landings and flight through turbulence.

2

2

—

7.20 Maintenance Procedures

1

2

2

7.21 Documentation & communication

1

2

2

8.1 Physics of the atmosphere

1

2

International Standard Atmosphere (ISA), application to aerodynamics.

8.2 Aerodynamics

1

2

8.3 Theory of flight

1

2

8.4 High-speed airflow

1

2

8.5 Flight stability and dynamics

1

2

9.1 General

2

9.2 Human performance and limitations

2

9.3 Social psychology

1

9.4 Factors that affect performance

2

9.5 Physical Environment

1

9.6 Tasks

1

9.7 Communication

2

9.8 Human error

2

9.9 Safety management

2

9.10 The ‘Dirty Dozen’ and risk mitigation

2

10.1 Regulatory framework

1

1

10.2 Certifying Staff — maintenance

2

2

10.3 Approved maintenance organisations

2

2

10.4 Independent certifying staff

—

3

10.5 Air operations

1

1

10.6 Certification of aircraft, parts, and appliances

2

2

10.7 Continuing airworthiness

2

2

10.8 Oversight principles in continuing airworthiness

1

1

10.9 Maintenance and certification beyond the current EU regulations (if not superseded by EU requirements)

—

1

10.10 Cybersecurity in aviation maintenance

1

1

11.1 Theory of flight

(a) Aeroplane aerodynamics and flight controls;

1

1

2

2

1

(b) Aeroplane, other aerodynamic devices.

1

1

2

2

1

11.2 Airframe structures (ATA 51)

(a) General concepts;

2

2

2

2

2

(b) Airworthiness requirements for structural strength;

2

2

2

2

2

(c) Construction methods.

1

1

2

2

2

11.3 Airframe Structures — aeroplanes

   11.3.1 Fuselage, doors, windows (ATA 52/53/56)

(a) Construction principles;

1

1

2

2

1

(b) Airborne towing devices;

1

1

1

1

1

(c) Doors.

1

1

2

1

-

   11.3.2 Wings (ATA 57)

1

1

2

2

1

   11.3.3 Stabilisers (ATA 55)

1

1

2

2

1

   11.3.4 Flight control surfaces (ATA 55/57)

1

1

2

2

1

   11.3.5 Nacelles/pylons (ATA 54)

1

1

2

2

1

11.4 Air conditioning and cabin pressurisation (ATA 21)

(a) Pressurisation;

1

1

3

3

—

(b) Air supply;

1

—

3

—

—

(c) Air conditioning;

1

—

3

—

—

(d) Safety and warning devices;

1

1

3

3

—

(e) Heating and ventilation system.

—

1

—

3

1

11.5 Instruments/avionic systems

   11.5.1 Instrument systems (ATA 31)

1

1

2

2

2

   11.5.2 Avionic Systems

1

1

1

1

1

Fundamentals of system layouts and operation of:

— Autoflight (ATA 22),

— Communications (ATA 23),

— Navigation Systems (ATA 34).

11.6 Electrical power (ATA 24)

1

1

3

3

3

11.7 Equipment and furnishings (ATA 25)

(a) Emergency equipment;

2

2

2

2

2

(b) Cabin and cargo layout.

1

1

1

1

—

11.8 Fire protection (ATA 26)

(a) Fire and smoke detection system and fire extinguishing systems;

1

1

1

1

—

(b) Portable fire extinguisher.

1

1

1

1

1

11.9 Flight controls (ATA 27)

(a) Primary and secondary flight controls;

1

1

3

2

2

(b) Actuation and protection;

1

—

3

—

—

(c) System operation;

1

—

3

—

—

(d) Balancing and rigging.

1

1

3

3

2

11.10 Fuel systems (ATA 28, ATA 47)

(a) Systems layout;

1

1

3

3

1

(b) Fuel handling;

1

1

3

3

1

(c) Indication and warnings;

1

1

3

3

1

(d) Special systems;

1

—

3

—

—

(e) Balancing.

1

—

3

—

—

11.11 Hydraulic power (ATA 29)

(a) System description;

1

1

3

3

2

(b) System operation (1);

1

1

3

3

2

(c) System operation (2).

1

—

3

—

—

11.12 Ice and rain protection (ATA 30)

(a) Principles;

1

1

3

3

1

(b) De-icing;

1

1

3

3

1

(c) Anti-icing;

1

—

3

—

—

(d) Wipers;

1

1

3

3

1

(d) Tail protection.

1

—

3

—

—

11.13 Landing Gear (ATA 32)

(a) Description;

2

2

3

3

2

(b) System operation;

2

2

3

3

2

(c) Air-ground sensing;

2

—

3

—

—

(d) Tail protection.

2

2

3

3

2

11.14 Lights (ATA 33)

2

2

3

3

2

11.15 Oxygen (ATA 35)

1

1

3

3

2

11.16 Pneumatic/vacuum (ATA 36)

(a) Systems;

1

1

3

3

2

(b) Pumps.

1

1

3

3

2

11.17 Water/waste (ATA 38)

(a) Systems;

2

2

3

3

2

(b) Corrosion.

2

2

3

3

2

11.18 On-board maintenance systems (ATA 45)

1

—

2

—

—

11.19 Integrated Modular Avionics (ATA 42)

(a) Overall system description and theory;

1

—

2

—

—

(b) Typical system layouts.

1

—

2

—

—

11.20 Cabin systems (ATA 44)

1

—

2

—

—

11.21 Information systems (ATA 46)

1

—

2

—

—

12.1 Theory of flight — rotary wing aerodynamics

1

2

12.2 Flight control systems (ATA 67)

2

3

12.3 Blade tracking and vibration analysis (ATA 18)

1

3

12.4 Transmission

1

3

12.5 Airframe structures (ATA 51)

(a) General concept;

2

2

(b) Construction methods of the principal elements.

1

2

12.6 Air conditioning (ATA 21)

   12.6.1 Air supply

1

2

   12.6.2 Air conditioning

1

3

12.7 Instruments/avionic systems

   12.7.1 Instrument systems (ATA 31)

1

2

   12.7.2 Avionic systems

1

1

Fundamentals of system layouts and operation of:

Auto Flight (ATA 22);

Communications (ATA 23);

Navigation Systems (ATA 34).

12.8 Electrical Power (ATA 24)

1

3

12.9 Equipment and furnishings (ATA 25)

(a) Emergency equipment;
Seats, harnesses, and belts;
Lifting systems;

2

2

(b) Emergency flotation systems;
Cabin layout, cargo retention;
Equipment layout;
Cabin furnishing installation.

1

1

12.10 Fire Protection (ATA 26)

(a) Fire and smoke detection systems and Fire-extinguishing systems;

1

3

(b) Portable fire extinguishers.

1

1

12.11 Fuel Systems (ATA 28)

1

3

12.12 Hydraulic Power (ATA 29)

1

3

12.13 Ice and Rain Protection (ATA 30)

1

3

12.14 Landing Gear (ATA 32)

2

3

(a) System description and operation;

(b) Sensors.

2

3

12.15 Lights (ATA 33)

2

3

12.16 (Reserved)

2

3

12.17 Integrated Modular Avionics (ATA 42)

1

2

(a) Overall system description and theory

(b) Typical system layouts

1

2

12.18 On-board Maintenance Systems (ATA 45)

1

2

Central maintenance computers;
Data-loading system;

Electronic library system.

12.19 Information Systems (ATA 46)

1

2

13.1 Theory of Flight

(a) Aeroplane Aerodynamics and Flight Controls;

1

1

—

—

—

—

—

(b) Rotary Wing Aerodynamics.

1

1

—

—

—

—

—

13.2 Structures – General Concepts (ATA 51)

(a) General concept;

2

2

—

—

—

—

—

(b) Fundamentals of structural systems;

1

1

—

—

—

—

—

13.3 Autoflight (ATA 22)

3

(a) Fundamentals of automatic flight control;

—

—

—

3

—

—

(b) Autothrottle systems and automatic landing systems.

3

—

—

—

3

—

—

13.4 Communication/Navigation (ATA 23/34)

3

(a) Fundamentals of communication and navigation systems;

—

3

—

—

—

—

(b) Fundamentals of aircraft surveillance systems.

3

—

—

—

—

3

—

13.5 Electrical power (ATA 24)

3

3

—

—

—

—

—

13.6 Equipment and furnishings (ATA 25)

3

—

—

—

—

—

—

13.7 Flight Controls

(a) Primary and secondary flight controls (ATA 27);

2

—

—

—

2

—

—

(b) Actuation and protection;

2

—

—

—

2

—

—

(c) System operation;

3

—

—

—

3

—

—

(d) Rotorcraft flight controls (ATA 67).

2

—

—

—

2

—

—

13.8 Instruments (ATA 31)

3

—

—

3

—

—

—

13.9 Lights (ATA 33)

3

3

—

—

—

—

—

13.10 On-board maintenance systems (ATA 45)

3

—

—

—

—

—

—

13.11 Air conditioning and cabin pressurisation (ATA 21)

(a) Pressurisation;

3

—

—

—

—

—

3

(b) Air supply;

1

—

—

—

—

1

(c) Air conditioning;

3

—

—

—

—

—

3

(d) Safety and warning devices.

3

—

—

—

—

—

3

13.12 Fire protection (ATA 26)

(a) Fire and smoke detection system and fire-extinguishing systems;

3

—

—

—

—

—

3

(b) Portable fire extinguisher.

1

—

—

—

—

—

1

13.13 Fuel systems (ATA 28, ATA 47)

(a) System layout;

1

—

—

—

—

—

1

(b) Fuel handling;

2

—

—

—

—

—

2

(c) Indications and warnings;

3

—

—

—

—

—

3

(d) Special systems;

1

—

—

—

—

—

1

(e) Balancing

3

—

—

—

—

—

3

13.14 Hydraulic power (ATA 29)

(a) System layout;

1

—

—

—

—

—

1

(b) System operation (1);

3

—

—

—

—

—

3

(c) System operation (2);

3

—

—

—

—

—

3

13.15 Ice and rain protection (ATA 30)

(a) Principles;

2

—

—

—

—

—

2

(b) De-icing;

3

—

—

—

—

—

3

(c) Anti-icing;

2

—

—

—

—

—

2

(d) Wiper systems;

1

—

—

—

—

—

1

(e) Rain repellent

1

—

—

—

—

—

1

13.16 Landing gear (ATA 32)

(a) Description;

1

—

—

—

—

—

1

(b) System;

3

—

—

—

—

—

3

(c) Air-ground sensing.

3

—

—

—

—

—

3

13.17 Oxygen (ATA 35)

3

—

—

—

—

—

3

13.18 Pneumatic/vacuum (ATA 36)

2

—

—

—

—

2

13.19 Water/waste (ATA 38)

2

—

—

—

—

—

2

13.20 Integrated modular avionics (ATA 42)

(a) Overall system description and theory;

3

-

—

—

—

—

—

(b) Typical system layouts.

3

-

—

—

—

—

—

13.21 Cabin systems (ATA 44)

3

—

—

—

—

—

—

13.22 Information systems (ATA 46)

3

—

—

—

—

—

—

14.1 Engines

(a) Turbine engines;

1

(b) Auxiliary power units (APUs);

1

(c) Piston engines;

1

(d) Electric and hybrid engines;

2

(e) Engine control.

2

14.2 Electric/electronic engine indication systems

2

14.3 Propeller systems

2

14.4 Starting and ignition systems

2

15.1 Fundamentals

1

2

15.2 Engine performance

—

2

15.3 Inlet

2

2

15.4 Compressors

1

2

15.5 Combustion section

1

2

15.6 Turbine section

2

2

15.7 Exhaust

1

2

15.8 Bearings and seals

—

2

15.9 Lubricants and fuels

1

2

15.10 Lubrication systems

1

2

15.11 Fuel systems

1

2

15.12 Air systems

1

2

15.13 Starting and ignition systems

1

2

15.14 Engine indication systems

1

2

15.15 Alternate turbine constructions

—

1

15.16 Turboprop engines

1

2

15.17 Turboshaft engines

1

2

15.18 Auxiliary power units (APUs)

1

2

15.19 Power plant installation

1

2

15.20 Fire protection systems

1

2

15.21 Engine monitoring and ground operation

1

3

15.22 Engine storage and preservation

—

2

16.1 Fundamentals

1

2

16.2 Engine performance

1

2

16.3 Engine construction

1

2

16.4 Engine fuel systems

   16.4.1 Carburettors

1

2

   16.4.2 Fuel injection systems

1

2

   16.4.3 Electronic engine control

1

2

16.5 Starting and ignition systems

1

2

16.6 Induction, exhaust and cooling systems

1

2

16.7 Supercharging/turbocharging

1

2

16.8 Lubricants and fuels

1

2

16.9 Lubrication systems

1

2

16.10 Engine indication systems

1

2

16.11 Power plant installation

1

2

16.12 Engine monitoring and ground operation

1

3

16.13 Engine storage and preservation

—

2

16.14 Alternative piston engine constructions

1

1

17.1 Fundamentals

1

2

17.2 Propeller construction

1

2

17.3 Propeller pitch control

1

2

17.4 Propeller synchronising

—

2

17.5 Propeller ice protection

1

2

17.6 Propeller maintenance

1

3

17.7 Propeller storage and preservation

1

2’

MODULE 1 — MATHEMATICS

LEVEL

A1

A2

A3

A4

B1

B2

B2L

B3

1.1 Arithmetic

1

2

Arithmetical terms and signs, methods of multiplication and division, fractions and decimals, factors and multiples, weights, measures and conversion factors, ratio and proportion, averages and percentages, areas and volumes, squares, cubes, square and cube roots.

1.2 Algebra

(a) Evaluating simple algebraic expressions, addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, use of brackets, simple algebraic fractions;

1

2

(b) Linear equations and their solutions;

Indices and powers, negative and fractional indices;

Binary and other applicable numbering systems;

Simultaneous equations and second-degree equations with one unknown;

Logarithms.

—

1

1.3 Geometry

(a) Simple geometrical constructions;

—

1

(b) Graphical representation: nature and uses of graphs, graphs of equations/functions;

2

2

(c) Simple trigonometry: trigonometrical relationships, use of tables and rectangular and polar coordinates.

—

2

2.1 Matter

1

2

Nature of matter: the chemical elements, structure of atoms, molecules;

Chemical compounds;

States: solid, liquid, and gaseous;

Changes between states.

2.2 Mechanics

 2.2.1 Statics

1

2

Forces, moments and couples, representation as vectors;

Centre of gravity;

Elements of theory of stress, strain, and elasticity: tension, compression, shear, and torsion;

Nature and properties of solid, fluid, and gas matter;

Pressure and buoyancy in liquids (barometers).

 2.2.2 Kinetics

1

2

Linear movement: uniform motion in a straight line, motion under constant acceleration (motion under gravity);

Rotational movement: uniform circular motion (centrifugal/centripetal forces);

Periodic motion: pendular movement;

Simple theory of vibration, harmonics, and resonance;

Velocity ratio, mechanical advantage, and efficiency.

 2.2.3 Dynamics

(a) Mass;

Force, inertia, work, power, energy (potential, kinetic and total energy), heat, efficiency;

1

2

(b) Momentum, conservation of momentum;

Impulse;

Gyroscopic principles;

Friction: nature and effects, coefficient of friction (rolling resistance).

1

2

 2.2.4 Fluid dynamics

(a) Specific gravity and density;

2

2

(b) Viscosity, fluid resistance, effects of streamlining;

Effects of compressibility on fluids;

Static, dynamic, and total pressure: Bernoulli’s Theorem, venturi.

1

2

2.3 Thermodynamics

(a) Temperature: thermometers and temperature scales (Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin); definition of heat;

2

2

(b) Heat capacity, specific heat;

Heat transfer: convection, radiation and conduction;

Volumetric expansion;

First and second law of thermodynamics;

Gases: ideal gases laws; specific heat at constant volume and constant pressure, work done by expanding gas;

Isothermal, adiabatic expansion and compression, engine cycles, constant volume and constant pressure, refrigerators and heat pumps;

Latent heats of fusion and evaporation, thermal energy, heat of combustion.

1

2

2.4 Optics (Light)

–

2

Nature of light; speed of light;

Laws of reflection and refraction: reflection at plane surfaces, reflection by spherical mirrors, refraction, lenses;

Fibre optics.

2.5 Wave motion and sound

–

2

Wave motion: mechanical waves, sinusoidal wave motion, interference phenomena, standing waves;

Sound: speed of sound, production of sound, intensity, pitch and quality, Doppler effect.

3.1 Electron theory

1

1

1

Structure and distribution of electrical charges within atoms, molecules, ions, and compounds;

Molecular structure of conductors, semiconductors, and insulators.

3.2 Static electricity and conduction

1

2

1

Static electricity and distribution of electrostatic charges;

Electrostatic laws of attraction and repulsion;

Units of charge, Coulomb’s law;

Conduction of electricity in solids, liquids, gases and in vacuum.

3.3 Electrical terminology

1

2

1

The following terms, their units and factors affecting them: potential difference, electromotive force, voltage, current, resistance, conductance, charge, conventional current flow, electron flow.

3.4 Generation of electricity

1

1

1

Production of electricity by the following methods: light, heat, friction, pressure, chemical reaction, magnetism, and motion.

3.5 Sources of DC electricity

1

2

2

Construction and basic chemical reaction of primary cells, secondary cells, lead acid cells, nickel cadmium cells, lithium cells, nickel cells and other alkaline cells;

Cells connected in series and in parallel;

Internal resistance and its effect on a battery;

Construction, materials, and operation of thermocouples;

Operation of photocells.

3.6 DC circuits

1

2

1

Ohm’s law, Kirchhoff’s voltage, and current laws;

Calculations using the above laws to find resistance, voltage, and current;

Significance of the internal resistance of a supply.

3.7 Resistance/Resistor

(a) Resistance

Specific resistance;

Calculation of total resistance using series, parallel and series–parallel combinations;

Operation and use of potentiometers and rheostats;

Operation of Wheatstone Bridge.

—

2

1

(b) Resistor

Positive and negative temperature coefficient conductance;

Resistor colour code, values and tolerances, preferred values, wattage ratings;

Resistors in series and in parallel;

Fixed resistors, stability, tolerance and limitations, methods of construction;

Variable resistors, thermistors, voltage-dependent resistors;

Construction of potentiometers and rheostats;

Construction of Wheatstone Bridge.

—

1

—

3.8 Power

—

2

1

Power, work, and energy (kinetic and potential);

Dissipation of power by a resistor;

Power formula;

Calculations involving power, work, and energy.

3.9 Capacitance/Capacitor

—

2

1

Operation and function of a capacitor;

Factors that affect the capacitance area of plates, distance between plates, number of plates, dielectric and dielectric constant, working voltage, voltage rating;

Capacitor types, construction, and function;

Capacitor colour-coding;

Calculations of capacitance and voltage in series and in parallel circuits;

Exponential charge and discharge of a capacitor, time constants;

Testing of capacitors.

3.10 Magnetism

(a) Theory of magnetism;

Properties of a magnet;

Action of a magnet suspended in the Earth’s magnetic field;

Magnetisation and demagnetisation;

Magnetic shielding;

Various types of magnetic material;

Electromagnet construction and principles of operation;

Handclasp rules to determine magnetic field around current-carrying conductor.

—

2

1

(b) Magnetomotive force, field strength, magnetic flux density, permeability, hysteresis loop, retentivity, coercive force reluctance, saturation point, eddy currents;

Precautions for care and storage of magnets.

—

2

1

3.11 Inductance/Inductor

—

2

1

Faraday’s law;

Action of inducing a voltage in a conductor that moves in a magnetic field;

Induction principles;

Effects of the following on the magnitude of an induced voltage: magnetic field strength, rate of change of flux, number of conductor turns;

Mutual induction;

The effect that the rates of change of primary current and mutual inductance have on induced voltage;

Factors that affect mutual inductance: number of turns in the coil, physical size of the coil, permeability of the coil, position of coils with respect to each other;

Lenz’s law and polarity determining rules;

Back EMF, self-induction;

Saturation point;

Principal uses of inductors.

3.12 DC motor/generator theory

–

2

1

Basic motor and generator theory;

Construction and purpose of components in a DC generator;

Operation of and factors that affect the output and direction of the current in DC generators;

Operation of and factors that affect the output power, torque, speed, and direction of rotation of DC motors;

Series-wound, shunt-wound and compound motors;

Starter generator construction.

3.13 AC theory

1

2

1

Sinusoidal waveform: phase, period, frequency, cycle;

Instantaneous, average, root mean square, peak, peak-to-peak current values and calculations of these values in relation to voltage, current and power;

Triangular/Square waves;

Single-phase/Three-phase principles.

3.14 Resistive (R), capacitive (C) and inductive (L) circuits

—

2

1

Phase the relationship of voltage and current in L, C and R circuits, parallel, series and series–parallel;

Power dissipation in L, C and R circuits;

Impedance, phase angle, power factor and current calculations;

True power, apparent power, and reactive power calculations.

3.15 Transformers

—

2

1

Transformer construction principles and operation;

Transformer losses and methods for overcoming them;

Transformer action under load and no-load conditions;

Power transfer, efficiency, polarity markings;

Line and phase voltages and currents;

Power in a three-phase system;

Primary and secondary current, voltage, turn ratio, power, efficiency;

Auto-transformers.

3.16 Filters

—

1

—

Operation, application, and uses of the following filters: low pass, high pass, band pass, band stop.

3.17 AC generators

—

2

1

Rotation of loop in a magnetic field and waveform produced;

Operation and construction of revolving armature and revolving field type AC generators;

Single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase alternators;

Three-phase star and delta connection advantages, and uses;

Permanent magnet generators.

3.18 AC motors

—

2

1

Construction, principles of operation and characteristics of: AC synchronous and induction motors both single-phase and polyphase;

Methods of speed control and direction of rotation;

Methods of producing a rotating field: capacitor, shaded or split pole.

4.1 Semiconductors

 4.1.1 Diodes

(a) Description and characteristics

Diode symbols;

Diode characteristics and properties;

Diodes in series and in parallel;

Materials, electron configuration, electrical properties;

P and N type materials: effects of impurities on conduction, majority and minority characters;

P–N junction in a semiconductor, development of a potential across a P–N junction in unbiased, forward-biased and reverse-biased conditions;

Diode parameters: peak inverse voltage, maximum forward current, temperature, frequency, leakage current, power dissipation;

Main characteristics and use of silicon-controlled rectifiers (thyristors), light-emitting diodes (LEDs), photo-conductive diodes, rectifier diodes.

—

2

2

(b) Operation and function

Operation and function of diodes in the following circuits: clippers, clampers, full- and half-wave rectifiers, bridge rectifiers, voltage doublers and triplers;

Detailed operation and characteristics of the following devices: silicon-controlled rectifier (thyristor), light-emitting diode (LED), Schottky diode, photo-conductive diode, varactor diode, varistor, rectifier diodes, Zener diode.

Functional testing of diodes.

—

—

2

 4.1.2 Transistors

(a) Description and characteristics

Transistor symbols;

Component description and orientation;

Transistor characteristics and properties.

—

1

2

(b) Construction and operation

Construction and operation of PNP and NPN transistors;

Base, collector and emitter configurations;

Testing of transistors;

Basic appreciation of other transistor types, including types of FET and their uses;

Application of transistors: amplifier classes (A, B, C);

Simple circuits including bias, decoupling, feedback and stabilisation;

Multistage circuit principles: cascades, push–pull, oscillators, multivibrators, flip-flop circuits;

Operation and amplifier stages connecting methods: resistive, capacitive, direct, inverting, non-inverting and adding.

—

—

2

 4.1.3 Integrated circuits

(a) Description and operation of logic circuits and linear circuits/operational amplifiers;

—

1

2

(b) Introduction to the operation and function of an operational amplifier used as: an integrator, a differentiator, a voltage follower, a comparator;

Advantages and disadvantages of positive and negative feedback.

—

—

2

4.2 Printed circuit boards

—

1

2

Description and use of printed circuit boards.

4.3 Servomechanisms

(a) Principles

Understanding of the following principles: open- and closed-loop systems, servomechanism, feedback, follow-up, null, overshoot, damping, deadband, hunting, proximity switches, analogue transducers, synchro systems and components, digital tachometers and encoders, inductance, and capacitance transmitters;

—

1

2

(b) Construction operation and use of the following synchro-system components: resolvers, differential, control and torque, E and I transformers, inductance transmitters, capacitance transmitters, synchronous transmitters;

Construction, operation and use of servomechanism and PID controller;

Fault-finding of servo defects, reversal of synchro leads, hunting.

—

—

2

5.1 Electronic instrument systems

1

1

1

1

Typical arrangements of systems and cockpit layout of electronic instrument systems.

5.2 Numbering systems

—

—

1

2

Numbering systems: binary, octal, and hexadecimal;

Demonstration of conversions between the decimal and binary systems, octal and hexadecimal systems and vice versa.

5.3 Data conversion

—

—

1

2

Analogue data, Digital data;

Operation and application of analogue-to-digital and digital-to-analogue converters, inputs and outputs, limitations of various types.

5.4 Data buses

—

—

2

2

Operation of data buses in aircraft systems, including knowledge of ARINC and other specifications.

Aircraft network/Ethernet.

5.5 Logic circuits

(a) Identification of common logic gate symbols, tables and equivalent circuits;

Applications used for aircraft systems, schematic diagrams.

—

—

2

2

(b) Interpretation of logic diagrams.

—

—

—

2

5.6 Basic computer structure

(a) Computer terminology (including bit, byte, software, hardware, CPU, IC, and various memory devices such as RAM, ROM, PROM);

Computer technology (as applied in aircraft systems).

1

1

2

2

(b) Computer operation, layout, and interface of the major components in a microcomputer, including their associated bus systems;

Information contained in single- and multi-address instruction words;

Memory-associated terms;

Operation of typical memory devices;

Operation, advantages, and disadvantages of the various data storage systems.

—

—

—

2

5.7 Microprocessors

—

—

—

2

Functions performed and overall operation of a microprocessor;

Basic operation of each of the following microprocessor elements: control and processing unit, clock, register, arithmetic logic unit.

5.8 Integrated circuits

—

—

—

2

Operation and use of encoders and decoders;

Function of encoder types.

5.9 Multiplexing

—

—

—

2

Operation, application and identification in logic diagrams of multiplexers and demultiplexers.

5.10 Fibre optics

—

—

1

2

Advantages and disadvantages of fibre optic data transmission over electrical wire propagation;

Fibre optic data bus;

Fibre-optic-related terms;

Terminations;

Couplers, control terminals, remote terminals;

Application of fibre optics in aircraft systems.

5.11 Electronic displays

1

1

2

2

Principles of operation of common types of displays used in modern aircraft, including cathode-ray tubes (CRTs), light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and liquid crystal displays (LCDs).

5.12 Electrostatic-sensitive devices

1

1

2

2

Special handling of components sensitive to electrostatic discharges;

Awareness of risks and possible damage, component, and personnel antistatic protection devices.

5.13 Software management control

—

1

2

2

Awareness of restrictions, airworthiness requirements and possible catastrophic effects of unapproved changes to software programs.

5.14 Electromagnetic environment

—

1

2

2

Influence of the following phenomena on maintenance practices for electronic systems:

EMC — Electromagnetic Compatibility,

EMI — Electromagnetic Interference,

HIRF — High-Intensity Radiated Field,

Lightning / lightning protection.

5.15 Typical electronic/digital aircraft systems

1

1

1

1

General arrangement of typical electronic/digital aircraft systems and associated BITE (Built-In Test Equipment), such as:

(a) 

ACARS — ARINC Communication and Addressing and Reporting System,

FBW — Fly-by-Wire,

FMS — flight management system,

IRS — inertial reference system;

(b) 

ECAM — electronic centralised aircraft monitoring,

EICAS — engine indication and crew alerting system,

EFIS — electronic flight instrument system,

GNSS — global navigation satellite system,

TCAS — traffic alert collision avoidance system,

Integrated Modular Avionics,

Cabin Systems,

Information Systems.

6.1 Aircraft materials — ferrous

(a) Characteristics, properties and identification of common alloy steels used in aircraft;

Heat treatment and application of alloy steels.

1

2

1

(b) Testing of ferrous materials for hardness, tensile strength, fatigue strength and impact resistance.

—

1

1

(c) Repair and inspection procedures for ferrous materials, structures, and airframes.

—

2

1

6.2 Aircraft materials — non-ferrous

(a) Characteristics, properties and identification of common non-ferrous materials used in aircraft;

Heat treatment and application of non-ferrous materials.

1

2

1

(b) Testing of non-ferrous material for hardness, tensile strength, fatigue strength and impact resistance.

—

1

1

(c) Repair and inspection procedures for non-ferrous materials, structures, and airframes.

—

2

1

6.3 Aircraft materials — composite and non-metallic

 6.3.1 Composite and non-metallic materials other than wood and fabric

(a) Characteristics, properties and identification of common composite and non-metallic materials, other than wood, used in aircraft;

Sealant and bonding agents.

1

2

2

(b) Detection of defects/deterioration in composite and non-metallic materials.

1

2

—

(c) Repair of and inspection procedures for composite and non-metallic materials, structures, and airframes.

—

2

1

 6.3.2 Wooden structures

1

1

—

Construction methods of wooden airframe structures;

Characteristics, properties and types of wood and glue used in aeroplanes;

Preservation and maintenance of wooden structures;

Types of defects in wood material and wooden structures;

Detection of defects in wooden structures;

Repair of wooden structures.

 6.3.3 Fabric covering

—

1

—

Characteristics, properties and types of fabrics used in aeroplanes;

Inspection methods for fabrics;

Types of defects in fabrics;

Repair of fabric covering.

6.4 Corrosion

(a) Chemical fundamentals;

Formation by galvanic action process, microbiological contamination, mechanical stress.

1

1

1

(b) Types of corrosion and their identification;

Causes of corrosion;

Material types, and their susceptibility to corrosion.

2

3

2

6.5 Fasteners

 6.5.1 Screw threads

2

2

2

Screw nomenclature;

Thread forms, dimensions and tolerances for standard threads used in aircraft;

Measuring screw threads.

 6.5.2 Bolts, studs, and screws

2

2

2

Bolt types: specification, identification and marking of aircraft bolts, international standards;

Nuts: self-locking, anchor, standard types;

Machine screws: aircraft specifications;

Studs: types and uses, insertion, and removal;

Self-tapping screws, dowels.

 6.5.3 Locking devices

2

2

2

Tab and spring washers, locking plates, split pins, pal-nuts, wire locking, quick-release fasteners, keys, circlips, cotter pins.

 6.5.4 Aircraft rivets

1

2

1

Types of solid and blind rivets: specifications and identification, heat treatment.

6.6 Pipes and unions